Dust To Eat

Published Oct 17, 2023

617888九五至尊娱乐变化的世纪里,杰斯与史密斯博士一起深入研究土壤和农业617888九五至尊娱乐. 爱荷华州立大学的Rick Cruse说.

Transcript

“吃灰尘,呼吸灰尘,喝灰尘. 床上和面粉仓里都是灰尘, 在盘子、墙壁和窗户上, 头发,眼睛,耳朵,牙齿和喉咙, 更不用说在糟糕的一天过后,地板和窗台上堆积的东西了.

现在一切都取决于湿度条件是否及时发生变化,以便人们在1936年播种小麦. “手提箱农民”——也就是保险代理人, preachers, real estate men, and so forth, from cities near or far – have bet thousands of dollars upon rain, in other words, 我们周围的大片土地已经不再代表家园的概念了吗, 但这只是一个潜在的低成本小麦生产工厂的一部分——如果下雨的话.”

这些话出自俄克拉荷马州农民卡洛琳·亨德森写的《517888九五至尊娱乐》一书. 它们跨越了几十年, 这是一个噩梦般的景象,来自我们国家灾难性的岁月,自然和人为条件的结合将我们的国家推向了崩溃的边缘. 中西部和西部的定居者的到来预示着超过1亿英亩的草原草地被破坏. 这些微妙平衡的生态系统在犁的刀刃下,当休耕的田地和裸露的泥土遇到干旱和大风时,被摧毁了, the result was walls of choking black dust that pummeled the Great Plains, 甚至远至美国国会大厦.

这场灾难的完美风暴被及时解决了, 这需要617888九五至尊娱乐家们的共同努力, government officials, 个体农民和社区共同努力,改变了20世纪农业的面貌. 面对当前的617888九五至尊娱乐危机, 我们已经看到了大火造成的大规模破坏, floods, tornadoes, droughts, heat waves, and cold snaps.

当然,正如我们已经知道的,我们不能吃灰尘.

我是主持人杰斯·菲尼克斯,这里是617888九五至尊娱乐节目.


Jess: I'm excited to welcome Dr. 爱荷华州立大学的Rick Cruse来到节目现场. Dr. Cruse is a professor of agronomy and serves as the director of the Iowa Water Center. 他的研究着眼于土壤侵蚀, soil management, 以及土壤的物理性质, 还有关于水质的问题. Thanks for being here, Rick.

Dr. Cruse: You know more about me than I do, so that's kinda scary, to begin with. But, yeah, we'll go with it.

Jess: 我们在忧思617888九五至尊娱乐家联盟做研究. 你能告诉我最初是什么吸引你进行这项研究的吗?

Dr. Cruse: 我是在野生生物专业开始从事渔业研究的, love the outdoors, 那还是我本科的时候. 我大学时的一个室友对我说:“离开球场.“他正在攻读硕士学位. He says, "There's no jobs." So, I did, and I shopped around, and I thought, you know, in an agricultural area, I grew up in Iowa, 土壤和管理它们的机会可能会给我们一个机会来影响野生动物的数量,我当时是如此着迷, so I did. Well, 这还没有回答你的问题,关于我是如何融入我所从事的领域的. 与可持续性相关的领域, and that includes sustainability of the waters that these fish and deer, pheasants, all the habitat things were being damaged by poor use of the soil resource base.

And one of the greatest negative impacts associated with that is soil erosion. 我开始尝试把一些点联系起来. You know, I could see that the practices that were targeted for controlling soil erosion, improving soil health, 改善土壤质量的方法往往有利于我所着迷的野生动物种群. 然后,你知道,钱也有助于吸引活动. And when there were resources to work in this, you know, that was kind of cool. 我们和John Laflen一起开车,他是土壤侵蚀领域的教父. He's passed now. 但我问约翰:“我刚看了天气预报." This is about 2000. “它显示了使用雷达和了解土壤侵蚀的一些事情来估计降雨量, what causes it, you know, heavy rain, slopes, soil types, crops, whatever." I said, "John," I said, “为什么我们不能使用这种类型的信息来实际估计整个爱荷华州的土壤侵蚀情况呢?“他坐在车里,有点奇怪地看着我. 他在座位上向前滑了一下. He says, "We can.“所以,在那个时候,我们开始组建一个团队,现在被称为每日侵蚀项目. And I've had that group together for 20 years now and still riding that horse.

Jess: 本集的介绍是关于沙尘暴的, 因为当我读到一本叫做《517888九五至尊娱乐》的书时,我发现这一点非常吸引人. And so, 我们知道,原生植被的消失和侵蚀导致的表土流失,帮助创造了美国需要的条件.S. 经历了沙尘暴. And then, scientists, the government, 当地农民共同努力解决这个问题,并帮助阻止沙尘暴的持续. 你能给我们介绍一下今天的土壤状况吗?

Dr. Cruse: 总的来说,土壤正在退化,这意味着情况仍在恶化. 现在,要明白有些地区,有些农场,有些地方的情况正好相反. 你知道,我经常和人们谈论钟形曲线,也就是简单的频率分布. I think most people understand on one end of that curve, we have farmers. I'm talking about farmers and their attitudes towards conservation. We have individuals that will literally die to do the right thing. They're going to use whatever practices are necessary to improve their soil, soil health, sustainability, and longevity of that farm. 在这个范围的另一端,有些人似乎不太关心. You won't find a stitch of green in their field other than in our part of the world, corn or soybeans. 而且,你知道,我们在这些地区的情况越来越糟. And then, 我们中间有很多人了解土壤健康的重要性, soil quality. Okay. So, 你所在领域的某些方面可能会越来越好, other parts of the field, the sloping areas, may be getting poor. 这也和文化动态有关,杰西.

这涉及到土地所有权. 我们还是离开陆地吧. 我有个狩猎伙伴告诉我的, he says, "Rick, 我对农业一窍不通, 但我知道没有比这更快的了, stops quicker, 或者弯道比租来的车还硬." When it comes to land, I mean, 我们对公寓所有权也这么说, or house apartment renting, or house ownership. When it comes to farmland, 有很多农民告诉我, “On my own land, 保护实践是一种投资. 在我租来的土地上,它们是成本.“这并不意味着每个租用土地的农民都在做不利的事情, 但他们中的大多数会告诉你做我们所说的事情的动机是为了明年或明年改善土壤状况, 或者如果你不知道你将在那块土地上耕作多年,那么下一年就会失去.

Jess: You blow my mind anyway, talking about rented land, 我认为这并不是我们大多数城市居民真正需要考虑的事情. So, is that very common?

Dr. Cruse: 在爱荷华州,大部分房屋是租来的. The majority of land, 大约55%到60%的耕地是由不拥有土地的人耕种的, actually.

Jess: Whoa. Okay. Okay.

Dr. Cruse: 另一个经常出现的因素是竞购战. Whoever's willing to pay the most has the opportunity to farm the land. 现在,如果你和我正在进行一场竞标战,有些地方会进行租赁拍卖. The highest bidder actually in an exchange gets to rent the land. 随着我出价越来越高,我要从我的生意中拿走的第一件东西是什么? 不给我钱的东西, 这就是典型的保护措施, 至少短期内不会.

Jess: That's absolutely fascinating. 所以,当然,我想再把这幅大图画联系起来. 那么,617888九五至尊娱乐变化是如何导致农民正在考虑的现状的呢?

Dr. Cruse: Well, 第一件事是,太多的农民仍然想否认617888九五至尊娱乐变化是真实的, even though they understand... And that's not all of 'em. That's not all of 'em at all. Every farmer is different. 爱荷华州农业局会告诉你,每个农民都是不同的,但有不同的原因. But it's true. Okay. 我们有一些农民是617888九五至尊娱乐变化的拥护者,他们有前瞻性的思维, really, really great people. Okay, so how is it impacting? 在这个时间点上,最大的影响是我们看到在不同地方突然出现和发生的淹没性降雨. People have not, farmers have not in the past experienced an 8 or 10-inch-rain. You know, several decades ago, several, three, four, you know, when I was a kid, or at least close to a kid, you know, a 4-inch-rain was a big deal. Now, you can almost double that with some of the rains we're seeing. So, that in many minds is opening some doors relative to what's happening. And the impact of those rainstorms is huge in the areas where they're falling, especially if it's earlier in the season before you have complete canopy cover. 617888九五至尊娱乐变化的另一个方面影响着每个人, 以及他们是否接受这是617888九五至尊娱乐变化的一部分, 生长季节变长了吗. We're planting corn and soybeans earlier and have the opportunity to harvest later, 虽然成熟的时间还是有点像以前.

因此,无霜期的天数正在增加. 露点温度,意味着湿度在增加. 大雨对土壤流失有很大影响. Rising temperatures increase the rate of chemical reaction in the soil. 我们这里讨论的化学反应是氧化反应. Well, that's academic speak for organic matter decomposes more rapidly. 你知道,火越热,东西烧得越快. Well, the warmer the soil, the more rapid the organic matter is lost. 有几件事正在产生影响. As climate changes, 正在种植的庄稼, 这也会改变可以沉积和保留在土壤中的有机物质的数量. 还有一件事我想提一下. 这是皮特·诺克的声明, 它不仅仅是关于土壤,而是关于生物学, 但我认为这也适用于土壤.

你知道,他告诉我,他说,“里克,”他说,“永远记住,生物学不受平均水平的限制. It's limited by extremes. 同样的事情也发生在土壤退化上. 平均条件没有影响." When I ask that, I say when we see what is the average rainfall in a given area for a year, 如果这个平均值在上升或下降, that's not a big deal. 但如果嵌入到平均变化中, you see these infrequent, highly erosive, high-intense rainstorms, 这是我们经常看到的. 这比只看平均值有更大的影响. It's creeping up.

Jess: You know, 你提到在农业领域有很多人不相信617888九五至尊娱乐变化. So, 你看到617888九五至尊娱乐之间的合作了吗, government, 以及过去发生过的农业社区, 还是他们更倾向于其他解决问题的方法,这些方法有点孤立?

Dr. Cruse: 我认为社区方法正在获得一些牵引力. 在农场世界里,苦难喜欢同伴和创造力. 617888九五至尊娱乐适应能力一词正受到一些关注. 这与617888九五至尊娱乐变化不同, 采用使种植系统在经历天气或617888九五至尊娱乐压力时具有弹性的系统或方法. So, yeah, 我们看到在这一领域出现了更多的合作, 人们尤其关注水资源的使用. You know, we're talking soils, but to be quite honest, a plant doesn't need soil. 我们可以水培植物. What soil does, 它是植物所需营养物质的储存库, 它是植物必须吸收的水的储存库.

So, anyway, the interest in soil health, 对改善土壤条件的兴趣, 尽管我之前说过, you know, we're degrading, 我们看到越来越多的人对此感兴趣, inquisitive farmers about, you know, what can we do? This water thing, 他们比我们任何人都更明白,如果他们能多给他们的庄稼加一英寸的水, they will benefit. 我和农民交谈,问他们, you know, 我们谈论水的事情, and they said, "Hell, there's nothing we can do." I said, "That's not true.“你看,特别是在坡地,没有水可以流. 如果你在这些地方盖上庄稼,或者采取一些措施来改善土壤条件,这样雨水就能渗透进来, that's money in your pocket.

Jess: Quick side note, 因为我相信很多听众都知道覆盖作物这个词的含义, 你能解释一下什么是覆盖作物,什么是非覆盖作物吗?

Dr. Cruse: Cover crops, from the time that you harvest until the next crop is planted and it germinates, there's nothing in that soil, nothing, no living crop at all. Cover crops are crops that are planted low-value crops in terms of...你不会从中得到任何商品. But they're a planted crop that grows after the main crop is harvested, 它会一直长到非常冷, it can't grow anymore. 如果它是一种会越冬的物种,它会在春天重新开始生长. So, people often look at the top of the plant and think, "Whoa, that's great.“实际上,土壤几乎完全受益于这些覆盖作物的根部. 总之,问题是覆盖作物. 所以,它是一种作物,填补了收获和种植下一种作物之间的空白时间.

Jess: Great. 我想这已经说得很清楚了, especially for folks who, like, 从来没想过种地吗, which is, you know, in our modern world, that's fairly common. 现在在土壤617888九五至尊娱乐和农业领域,你个人最感兴趣的是什么?

Dr. Cruse: 嗯,有几件事. 最积极的事情是,我们正在提高我们对水之间关系的理解,以及水在农业地区和土壤本身的存在. As I mentioned, water drives, water is the big animal in the room. 现在,我们从哪里来的水? 我们讲过一点灌溉, 但我想谈谈世界上中西部地区,那里的地下水位足够接近土壤表面,作物根系实际上可以提取或使用一些水来缓冲一年中可能出现的水资源短缺. 如果你有玉米和豆根, 它们通常可以延伸到足够深的地方, you know, 4, 5, 6英尺,它们可以在某些地方进入这片水域. Now, 我之前提到过这个研究,我们发现年复一年持续高产的地区和田地. 在我看来,这是目前的一个假设,我们还没有做这项517888九五至尊娱乐. We proposed it. 我觉得是通往水的通道. We can add nitrogen, we can add phosphorus, we can add the other things that are necessary in terms of nutrients for the plant. 如果我们不灌溉,我们就无法控制中西部大部分地区都没有灌溉, is that water. 在我看来,植物持续减产的地区表明存在水资源限制. 可能存在某种类型的生育限制, 但大多数农民都有能力调整生育率. 在那些作物玉米和豆类没有足够深的根来获得水源的地区, could we grow something else, alfalfa, 其他作物有可能获得这些水?

如果我们知道我们的田地里有水资源限制, 我们能不能用不同的方式来管理这些土壤,使渗透最大化? Kinda as have mentioned before, water that runs off isn't available. 农作物生长在没有地下水源的地方,只能依靠天上掉下来的一切. And having the capacity and knowing where we don't have this yet, 但我们正在解决这个问题, where these areas are, should be very informing in terms of how we manage what we manage. And this is kind of exciting to me maybe in a little bit sadistic way. And I don't mean, it is, if we have some farmers that are trying to get into this business, 他们愿意把这些人赶出他们的领地. In other words, 如果他们愿意通过管理这些小区域的方式来使他们的生产力年复一年地最大化, 即使它可能是不同的作物, 他们能和拥有100英尺长的吊杆的农民竞争吗, you know, all the big equipment, 他们会做同样的事情,从场地的一端到另一端,从一端到另一端? 这可能会带来一些机会?

It's exciting. None of this is proven yet. We're looking at data that exists and think maybe that can be done. 另一件令人兴奋的事情是, and now I'm getting into, you know, my own little silo, 我们在小时间范围内估算土壤侵蚀空间的能力是否在增强. You know, where, you know, 我刚提到了用雷达估算降雨量, now in the system, 我们有每日侵蚀项目, 我们对每六分之一平方英里每两分钟的降雨量进行了估算. 我们使用激光雷达来获得所有的表面坡度和海拔. We have databases that tell us what crops are being grown, what soils exist. In other words, 我们有运行这些计算机模型所需的所有信息,这些模型将给我们一个估计,有多少土壤在景观上实际移动. It helps us inform, 回到你之前问的问题, 土壤是变好了还是变坏了? 如果他们变得更糟了,他们在哪里变得更糟了? 我们需要把钱花在哪里来改进实践?

Jess: 农业已经进入了数字时代. 这只是一个更新我们对农业的理解的问题. So, along that kind of a line of, you know, what we need to think about to be truly forward-thinking and resilient, what can the government do to help incentivize farmers to conserve, 特别是如果你租用了土地? 政府应该做点什么吗?

Dr. Cruse: 你知道,我认为激励保护措施,我的意思是,这是我们能做的最好的事情. 你知道,我很容易说,“制定规则,规范.“老实说,在我看来,这是我们解决这些问题的唯一途径. And I've given talks. 我和很多农民谈过,也做过很多次演讲. I've had farmers in amongst other farmers say, "We need more rules." I say, "What do you mean? Do you wanna be regulated?" "No." And they'll mention the name, farms into the ditch, "Neighbor farms into the ditch. There's no grass waterways. 短期内我无法与他们竞争. 如果我们必须以同样的方式耕作来保护土壤, I'm better than they're, 我可以做该做的事. 但从短期来看,我就是做不到.“他们真的为此心烦意乱.

你有另一个农民,农民实际上是你的侄子. 他有20个不同的房东,是个大老板. And I asked him all the time, I said, "Mike," I said, “如果你必须种植覆盖作物, what would be your reaction?他说:“我不介意,只要其他人都必须这么做。.“所以,这是一个公平的竞争环境. It's really, really difficult, though, 创造任何一种同样公平的农场项目, not program, but rules for the renter, for the owner, 对于爱荷华州和堪萨斯州的个人来说. If we were to invoke a law, 但爱荷华州必须有覆盖作物, 它不会起作用,因为这将使这里的人在短期内处于劣势,如果他们不这样做的话,伊利诺伊州的人就会处于劣势. So, in my world, 我走出大楼的时候可能会中枪, 如果真正的优先目标是维持土壤资源, 必须按规则办事.

You've got some farmers that absolutely do not need rules that do better, 但你有一些绝对不会. Now, we get the argument back, 如果我们对失去的土壤有一个限制,每个人都要在这个限制下耕种, that's not true. 在我所见过的任何地方都没有这样的证据. 在研究生院,你的平均绩点必须保持在3分.25. 这意味着每个人都是3吗.25? Absolutely not. 我还可以继续列举. 所以,无论如何,我只是看证据,证据和证据,看看什么可能有效. 当我们尝试在志愿者的基础上做所有的事情时,这真的是一个挑战.

Jess: 基本上,我们需要的是基于证据的政策制定,这也是我非常支持的. So, excellently put, I think. 所以,我们还有最后一个问题要问. 因为我们是忧思617888九五至尊娱乐家联盟, 所以我问节目里的每个人这个问题, Rick, why are you concerned?

Dr. Cruse: 好吧,我就笼统地说可持续发展吧. 当我看到全球正在发生的事情, 不管你是在谈论战争, you know, the big thing to me is water. Water is huge. 我们正处在崩溃的边缘. 我可以给你们举一个关于粮食生产的例子. 世界上40%的粮食是在世界上18%的农业用地上生产的. 你认为这18%有什么特别之处? It's irrigated.

Jess: Really? Okay.

Dr. Cruse: Yes. Yeah. A bundle of that irrigation is coming from aquifers that are being depleted. So, 这对像中西部这样的干旱地区的土壤造成的压力有什么影响? It's gonna put increased pressure on this soil resource to produce. 相对于保护的需要,这说明了什么? If these soils are degraded, 我们在世界其他地区也失去了生产能力, 乌克兰的生产能力怎么了? 你以为这是唯一一场会发生的战争? I don't think so.

然后是617888九五至尊娱乐的缓冲. Good soils are an insurance policy against crop failure when we have weather stress. Yeah, you know what? 有时候变老也没那么糟. I struggle a bit when I try to figure out what my grandkids are gonna live through.


提高农场的617888九五至尊娱乐适应能力,保护农业和粮食供应的未来,意味着我们需要做出重大努力,扩大土壤建设和再生农业实践. Right now, 美国农业部的激励措施和保护管理计划等技术援助项目帮助农民做出这些改变. 这些项目是由食品和农业法案资助的, and they also received additional money in the Inflation Reduction Act last fall. Unfortunately, the timeframe for the next food and farm bill is undecided. 旧的过期日期是9月30日, 虽然这还不是危机, 但到了一月份,压力就来了. 国会共和党人的功能失调使得预测接下来会发生什么变得极其困难. Thanks to Karen Perry Stillerman and Kyle Ann Sebastian for subject matter expertise, to Brian Middleton, Omari Spears, 和Rich Hayes的生产帮助, 感谢安东尼·艾林的多媒体魔力. 直到我们再次聊天,617888九五至尊娱乐支持者们!